I don't know if it's been mentioned in this thread, but there's a great book on the subject of how science has been manipulated to provide a debate on issues (such as the health effects of smoking tobacco products and climate change). The book is entitled
Merchants of Doubt (link below), and the basic thesis, with plenty of evidence to back it up, is that business interests have repeatedly engaged a small group--often the same group--
of highly regarded scientists to manufacture controversies in order to maintain some doubt on important public policy issues. As an example, research scientists funded by the tobacco companies would argue that "the science is not in" an that "the effects are not known" on health impacts from smoking. Their arguments would be based upon research showing that not all people who smoked developed lung cancer, or that not all babies of mothers who smoked developed certain health issues. They would then argue to journalists that the "fairness doctrine" meant that their arguments should receive equal treatment in the news media.
What they would leave out is that it was researched and documented (even by their own buried research studies) that a smoker is X times more likely to develop lung cancer, or that children of mothers who smoked were X times more likely to develop certain adverse health effects. ...so they knew that smoking was bad for your health, they just didn't know all of the science around it, and they used the developing science, and the resulting unknowns, to generate the appearance of a debate on the overall issue when much of it was well settled.
Even the laissez faire capitalists and free market economists recognized that the profit motive could not account for externalities. Left to their own devices, corporations (such as the tobacco industry) would take every available measure (e.g. hiring scientists to market doubt, or more blatantly, dumping toxic waste) in order to maximize profits. If you don't have a someone (government) looking out for affected third parties (us, the planet), then the profit motive will win out. If you believe in free markets, then you have to recognize that government has a decisive role to play in regulating corporate activities. How that's implemented is another story entirely....
Ok, now off my soapbox.
https://www.amazon.com/Merchants-Dou.../dp/1608193942
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